Waa maxay HPMC?

HPMC Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan hypromellose, waa mid ka mid ah ether-yada isku dhafan ee cellulose aan-ionic ahayn.Waa semi-synthetic, aan firfircoonayn, polymer viscoelastic ah oo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo saliidaha indhaha, ama ka-bixiye ama ka-qaade dawooyinka afka.

Magaca badeecada Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)
Magacyo kale Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,MHPC, methyl Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Lambarka Diiwaangelinta CAS 9004-65-3
Muuqashada budada suufka cad ama granular
Sharaxaada badbaadada S24/25

Qalabka jirka iyo kiimikaad
Muuqashada: cad ama ku dhawaad ​​cad budo suuf ah ama granular ah
Xasilloonida: Adaggu waa kuwo guban kara oo aan la socon karin oksidants xooggan.
granularity;Heerka gudbinta 100 mesh wuxuu ka badnaa 98.5%.Heerka gudbinta ee 80 indhood waa 100%.Cabbirka gaarka ah ee cabbirka walxaha 40 ~ 60 mesh.
Heerkulka kaarboonization: 280-300 ℃
Cufnaanta muuqata: 0.25-0.70g/cm3 (badanaa qiyaastii 0.5g/cm3), cuf-jiid gaar ah 1.26-1.31.
Midabka beddelka heerkulka: 190-200 ℃
Xiisadda dusha sare: 42-56dyne/cm in 2% xal aqueous ah
Solubility: ku milmay biyaha iyo qaar ka mid ah dareerayaasha, sida saamiga ku habboon ethanol/biyaha, propanol/biyaha, iwm. Xalka aqueous wuxuu leeyahay hawlo korka ah.Daah-furnaanta sare, waxqabadka xasilloon, qeexitaannada kala duwan ee heerkulka jelka alaabada ayaa ka duwan, isbeddelka milanka leh ee viscosity, hoos udhaca viscosity, ka sii weynaanta, qeexitaannada kala duwan ee waxqabadka HPMC ayaa leh farqi gaar ah, xalka HPMC ee biyaha ma saameynayo qiimaha pH
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare ee HPMC ayaa hoos u dhacay hoos u dhaca maadada methoxyl, korodhka dhibicda jelka iyo hoos u dhaca milanka biyaha.
HPMC sidoo kale waxay leedahay awood dhumuc, caabbinta milixdu yar tahay budada dambaska, xasiloonida pH, ilaalinta biyaha, xasiloonida cabbirka, samaynta filim aad u fiican, iyo sidoo kale caabbinta ballaaran ee enzyme, kala-baxa iyo sifooyinka isku-xidhka.

Hababka wax soo saarka
Cellulose suufka la safeeyey waxaa lagu daaweeyaa lye at 35-40 ℃ nus saac, riixo, cellulose waa la jajabiyey oo da'doodu tahay 35 ℃, si celcelis ahaan heerka polymerization ee fiber alkali helay waa in xadka loo baahan yahay.Fiberka alkali ku rid kiliyaha etherification, ku dar propylene oxide iyo methane chloride si isdaba joog ah, etherize at 50-80 ℃ 5h, cadaadiska ugu sareeya wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 1.8mpa.Ka dib ku dar qadarka saxda ah ee hydrochloric acid iyo oxalic acid alaabta lagu dhaqo 90℃ biyo kulul si loo kordhiyo mugga.Marka biyaha ku jira maaddadu ay ka yar tahay 60%, waxaa la qalajiyey in ka yar 5% socodka hawada kulul ee 130 ℃.Ugu dambeyntii, alaabta la dhammeeyey waa la jajabiyey oo lagu baadhay 20 mesh.

Habka kala dirida
1, dhammaan moodooyinka waxaa lagu dari karaa maaddada habka isku dhafka qallalan.
2, waxay u baahan tahay in si toos ah loogu daro xalalka heerkulka caadiga ah ee biyaha, waxa fiican in la isticmaalo kala firdhisanaanta biyaha qabow, ka dib marka lagu daro guud ahaan 10-90 daqiiqo si aad u dhumucdo.
3. Moodooyinka caadiga ah waa la kala diri karaa ka dib marka la isku daro oo lagu kala firdhiyo biyo kulul oo lagu daro biyo qabow ka dib walaaq iyo qaboojin.
4. Marka la milmo, haddii ifafaale of agglomerating dhaco, waa sababta oo ah isku darka kuma filna ama moodooyinka caadiga ah si toos ah loogu daro biyaha qabow.Waqtigaan, waa in si degdeg ah loo walaaqaa.
5. Haddii xumboyadu ay dhacaan inta lagu jiro kala dirida, waxaa laga saari karaa iyagoo taagan 2-12 saacadood (waqtiga gaarka ah wuxuu ku xiran yahay joogteynta xalka) ama iyada oo la nadiifiyo oo la cadaadiyo, ama lagu daro qadar habboon oo ah wakiilka xumbada.

HPMC waxay isticmaashaa
Loo isticmaalo sidii dhumucdiye, kala firdhiye, binder, excipant, daahan saliid adkaysi u leh, buuxinta, emulsifier iyo xasiliyaha warshadaha dharka.Sidoo kale si weyn loogu isticmaalo xabagta synthetic, petrochemical, ceramik, warqad, maqaar, daawo, cunto iyo waxyaalaha la isku qurxiyo iyo warshadaha kale.

Ujeedada ugu weyn
1, warshadaha dhismaha: sida wakiilka cement hoobiye cement biyaha, retarder hoobiye leh bamgareynta.Malaasinta, gypsum-ka, budada suufka ah ama agabka kale ee dhismaha sida koollada, wanaaji dhoobada oo kordhiya wakhtiga qalliinka.Loo isticmaalo dhejinta dhoobada dhoobada, marmar, qurxinta caaga ah, wakiilka xoojinta koollada, weli waxay yareyn kartaa qiyaasta sibidhka.Waxqabadka haynta biyaha ee HPMC ayaa ka dhigaysa slurry ka dib codsiga ma noqon doonto sababtoo ah qallayl aad u degdeg badan oo dillaaca, kor u qaadida xoogga ka dib qallafsanaanta.
2, wax soo saarka dhoobada: si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sida xabagta ee wax soo saarka dhoobada.
3, warshadaha daahan: in warshadaha daahan sida dhumuc weyn, dispersant iyo stabilizer, biyo ama dareere organic leeyihiin milmi wanaagsan.Sida rinji-saar.
4, daabacaadda khad: in warshadaha khad sida dhumuc weyn, kala firdhiyey iyo stabilizer, in biyaha ama dareerayaasha organic leeyihiin milmi wanaagsan.
5, caag: samaynta wakiilka sii daayo, jilcisa, saliidaha, iwm.
6, PVC: wax soo saarka PVC sida kala firdhiso ah, diyaarinta polymerization hakinta ee caawiyayaasha ugu weyn ee PVC.
7, warshadaha dawooyinka: alaabta daahan;Walxaha xuubabka;Walxaha polymer-ka ee lagu xakameeyay ee loogu talagalay diyaarinta sii-deynta joogtada ah;Wakiilka xasilinta;Gargaarka la laalay;Xabagta kiniinka;Waxay kordhisaa googga
8, Kuwo kale: sidoo kale si weyn loogu isticmaalo hargaha, warshadaha wax soo saarka waraaqaha, ilaalinta miraha iyo khudaarta iyo warshadaha dharka.

Codsiga warshadaha gaarka ah

Warshadaha dhismaha
1, hoobiye sibidhka: hagaajinta kala firdhisanaanta sibidhka - ciid, si weyn u wanaajisaa balaastikada iyo xajinta biyaha ee hoobiye, si looga hortago dildilaaca waxay leeyihiin saameyn, waxay kor u qaadi kartaa xoogga sibidhka.

2, sibidhka dhoobada dhoobada: wanaaji balaastikada dhoobada dhoobada dhoobada, haynta biyaha, hagaajinta xabagta dhoobada dhoobada, ka hortagga budada.
3, asbestos iyo daahan kale oo refractory: sida wakiilka ganaaxa, wakiilka hagaajinta dareeraha, laakiin sidoo kale hagaajin saldhigga gudbinta xabagta.
4, gypsum slurry: wanaaji xajinta biyaha iyo habsocodka, wanaajiso adhesionka saldhiga.
5, sibidhka wadajirka ah: ku dar guddiga gypsum oo leh sibidh wadajir ah, hagaajiyaan dareeraha iyo xajinta biyaha.
6, putty cinjirka: wanaaji dheecaanka iyo haynta biyaha ee xuubka cinjirka ku salaysan.
7, hoobiye: beddelka koollada dabiiciga ah, waxay hagaajin kartaa haynta biyaha, hagaajinta xabagta xabagta ee saldhigga.
8, daahan: sida balaastig ka mid ah daahan cinjirka ah, waxa ay leedahay door hagaajinta waxqabadka hawlgalka iyo dheecaanka daahan iyo budada putty.
9, daahan buufinta: si looga hortago in sibidhka ama cinjirka buufinta kaliya wax buuxinaya quusin iyo hagaajinta socodka iyo buufin sawirada alwaaxdu waxay leeyihiin saamayn wanaagsan.
10, sibidhka, alaabada sare ee gypsum: sida sibidhka - asbestos iyo walxaha kale ee hydraulic ee riixaya isku-xidhka dhejiska, hagaajinta dareeraha, waxay heli karaan alaabada isku midka ah.
11, derbiga fiber: sababtoo ah saameynta anti-enzyme anti-bakteeriyada, sida darbiga cammuudda uu waxtar u leeyahay.
12, mid kale: waxaa loo isticmaali karaa hoobiye dhuuban iyo doorka hawlwadeenka hoobiye ee wakiilka haynta xumbo.

Warshadaha kiimikada
1, vinyl chloride, vinyl polymerization: sida polymerization suspension stabilizer, dispersant, oo leh alkolada vinyl (PVA) hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) waxayna xakameyn kartaa qaybinta qaabka iyo qayb.
2, xabag: sida gidaarka xabagta, halkii istaarijka waxaa badanaa loo isticmaali karaa daahan vinyl acetate cinjirka.
3. Sunta cayayaanka: lagu daro sunta cayayaanka iyo herbicides, waxay hagaajin kartaa saamaynta adhesion marka la buufiyo.
4, cinjirka: wanaaji asphalt emulsion stabilizer, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) dhumucda cinjirka
5, binder: sida qalin, qalin samaynta koollada.

Warshadaha qurxinta
1. Shaambo: wanaaji viscosity iyo xasiloonida goobooyin shaambo, saabuun iyo saabuun.
2. Daawada cadayga: Hagaaji dareeraha daawada cadayga.

Warshadaha cuntada
1, liinta qasacadaysan: ka hortag ilaalinta sababta oo ah burburka glycosides orange iyo caddaynta metamorphism si loo gaaro cusub.
2, wax soo saarka miraha qabow: ku dar dharab miro, dhexdhexaad ah barafka, ka dhig dhadhanka mid wanaagsan.
3, suugo: sida suugo, suugo yaanyo emulsifying stabilizer ama wakiilka dhumuc.
4, glazing daahan biyaha qabow: loo isticmaalo kaydinta kalluunka la qaboojiyey, ka hortagi kara midabka, hoos u tayada, la methyl cellulose ama hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose xal glazing dahaarka, ka dibna baraf ku dul barafka.
5, xabagta kiniinka: sida samaynta xabagta kiniiniyada iyo kaniiniyada, isku xidhka iyo burburka (dhakhso u milma oo kala firdhiya marka la qaadanayo) ayaa fiican.

Warshadaha dawooyinka
1. Dahaarka: wakiilka daahan waxaa laga sameeyaa xal dareere organic ama xal aqueous ee kiniiniyada, gaar ahaan qaybaha ka samaysan daahan buufin.
2, hoos u dhig wakiilka: 2-3 garaam maalintii, wakhti kasta 1-2G qiyaasta, 4-5 maalmood si loo muujiyo saamaynta.
3, daawada indhaha: sababtoo ah cadaadiska osmotic ee hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose aqueous aqueous wuxuu la mid yahay ilmada, sidaas darteed way yar tahay indhaha, ku dar daawada indhaha, si saliideed si aad ula xiriirto lenska indhaha.
4, wakiilka jelatin: sida maaddada aasaasiga ah ee daawada jelatinous dibadda ah ama boomaatada.
5, daroogada uurka leh: sida wakiilka dhumuc, wakiilka biyaha.

Warshadaha foornada
1, qalabka elektarooniga ah: sida cufan koronto dhoobada ah, bauxite ferrite cadaadiska magnetic koollada, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa 1.2-propylene glycol.
2, glaze: loo isticmaalo sida dhaldhalaalka dhoobada ah iyo dhoobada leh dhaldhalaalka, waxay wanaajin kartaa isku xirnaanta iyo socodsiinta.
3, hoobiye refractory: ku dar in hoobiye refractory ama foornada wax lagu shubo, hagaajin karaa caaga ah iyo haynta biyaha.

Warshadaha kale
1, fiber: sida daabacaadda koollada dheeha ee midabada, midabada kaynta boron, midabada cusbada ku salaysan, midabada dunta, marka lagu daro, farsamaynta kapok ripple, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa kulaylka adkeynaya.
2, warqad: waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaashida kaarboon ku dhejinta maqaarka iyo farsamaynta saliidda iyo dhinacyo kale.
3, maqaar: sida saliidda ugu dambeysa ama isticmaalka koollada ee la tuuri karo.
4, khad biyaha ku salaysan: lagu daray khad biyaha ku salaysan, khad, sida wakiilka dhumucyada, wakiilka samaynta filimada.
5, tubaakada: sida xabagta tubaakada dib loo warshadeeyay.

Heerka Pharmacopoeia

Isha iyo nuxurka
Alaabtani waa 2- hydroxypropyl ether methyl cellulose.Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose waxaa loo qaybin karaa afar nooc iyadoo loo eegayo nuxurka methoxy iyo hydroxypropyl, kuwaas oo kala ah 1828, 2208, 2906, 2910 miis.

dabeecad
Alaabtani waa cad ama budo granular ah oo cad ama cad-cad;ur la'aan.
Alaabtani waxay ku dhowdahay inaan lagu milmi karin ethanol anhydrous, ether iyo acetone;Biyo qabow oo barara si ay u sameeyaan xal kolloid cad ama wax yar oo turbid ah.

Si loo aqoonsado
(1) Qaado 1g oo badeecada ah, kuleyli 100ml oo biyo ah (80 ~ 90℃), walaaq si joogto ah, ku qabooji qubeyska barafka, oo samee dareere dhegdheg leh;Ku rid 2mL ee xalka tuubada tijaabada ah, si tartiib ah ugu dar 1ml oo ah 0.035% anthracene sulfuric acid xal gidaarka tuubada, dhig 5 daqiiqo, iyo giraan buluug-cagaaran ah ayaa ka muuqda isdhexgalka labada dareere.
(2) Qadarka habboon ee dareeraha viscous ee hoos yimaada aqoonsiga (1) ayaa lagu shubay saxanka dhalada.Ka dib uumi-baxa biyaha, lakabka filim adag ayaa la sameeyay.

hubi
1, ph
Ka dib qaboojinta, ku hagaaji xalka 100g oo biyo ah oo walaaq ilaa uu si buuxda u milmo.Go'aami si waafaqsan sharciga (Lifaaqa ⅵ H, Qaybta II ee Pharmacopoeia, daabacaadda 2010).Qiimaha PH waa inuu noqdaa 5.0-8.0.
2, viscosity
2.0% (g/g) hakinta ayaa la diyaariyay iyadoo la qaatay 10.0g oo badeecada ah laguna daray 90℃ biyo si looga dhigo wadarta miisaanka muunada iyo biyaha 500.0g oo ah alaabta qalalan.Joojinta ayaa si buuxda loo walaaqay ilaa 10 daqiiqo ilaa qaybuhu si siman u kala firdhiyaan oo qoyan yihiin.Joojinta waxaa lagu qaboojiyey qubeyska barafka waxaana la sii waday in la walaaqo 40 daqiiqo inta lagu jiro habka qaboojinta.Viscosimeter rotary ah oo hal dhululubo ah (ndJ-1 waxa loo isticmaali karaa muunado leh muuqasho ka yar 100Pa·s, iyo NDJ-8S waxa loo isticmaali karaa muunado leh viscosity ka weyn ama le'eg yahay 100Pa·s, ama viscosimeter kale oo ku haboon) waxaa loo adeegsaday 20℃±0.1℃, go'aamiyay si waafaqsan sharciga (habka labaad ee ⅵ G ee lifaaqa II ee daabacaadda Pharmacopoeia 2010).Haddii viscosity-ka calaamadeysan uu ka yar yahay 600mPa·s, majisnimadu waa in ay ahaataa 80% ~ 120% ee viscosity calaamadeysan;Haddii viscosity-ka calaamadeysan uu ka weyn yahay ama la mid yahay 600mPa·s, mawduucu waa inuu noqdaa 75% ilaa 140% majiitada calaamadeysan.

3 Walaxda aan milmi karin ee biyaha
Qaado 1.0g oo badeecada ah, ku rid baaquli, ku dar 100mL biyo kulul 80-90 ℃, barari ilaa 15 daqiiqo, ku qabooji qubeyska barafka, ku dar 300ml oo biyo ah (haddii loo baahdo, kordhi mugga biyaha si habboon) Hubi in xalka la sifeeyay), oo si buuxda u walaaq, ku sifee maya.1 quraarad dhalaalaysa oo toosan oo la qalajiyey ilaa miisaan joogto ah 105℃, oo ku nadiifi digsiga biyo.Dareeraha waxaa lagu sifeeyay dhalada dhalaalaysa ee sare ee toosan waxaana la engejiyey miisaan joogto ah 105℃, iyada oo hadhaaga aan ka badnayn 5mg (0.5%).

4 miisaanka oo yaraada
Qaado alaabtan oo ku qalaji 105℃ ilaa 2 saacadood, miisaankuna waa inaanu dhaafin 5.0% (Lifaaqa ⅷ L, Qaybta II, daabacaadda Pharmacopoeia 2010).

5 Hadhaaga gubanaya
Qaado 1.0g oo alaabtan ah oo hubi si waafaqsan sharciga (Lifaaqa ⅷ N, Qaybta II ee farmasiga 2010 daabacaadda), iyo hadhaaga hadhaagu waa in aanay ka badnaan 1.5%.

6 bir culus
Qaado hadhaaga hadhaaga hadhaaga, hubi si waafaqsan sharciga (habka labaad ee Lifaaqa ⅷ H ee qaybta labaad ee daabacaadda 2010 ee farmashiyaha), oo ay ku jiraan biraha culus waa in aanay dhaafin 20 qaybood halkii milyan.

7 cusbo arsenic ah
Qaado 1.0g oo badeecadan ah, ku dar 1.0g calcium hydroxide, qas, ku dar biyo si aad u walaaqdo, engegan, marka hore dab yar si aad carbonize, ka dibna 600℃ si aad u gubto gabi ahaanba dambas, qaboojin, ku dar 5mL hydrochloric acid iyo 23mL biyo si loo milmo, loo hubiyo si waafaqsan sharciga (daabacaadda 2010 ee farmashiyaha ii Lifaaqa ⅷ J habka koowaad), waa in uu waafaqsan yahay qodobada (0.0002%).

Go'aaminta nuxurka
1,methoxyl
Methoxy, ethoxy iyo hydroxypropoxy ( lifaaqa VII F, Qaybta II, 2010 Edition of Pharmacopoeia) ayaa la go'aamiyay.Haddii habka labaad (habka volumetric) la isticmaalo, qaado badeecada, si sax ah u miisaamee oo u cabbir si waafaqsan sharciga.Qadarka methoxy ee la qiyaasay (%) waxa laga jaray badeecada qadarka hydroxypropoxy (%) iyo (31/75×0.93).
2, hydroxypropoxy
Methoxy, ethoxy iyo hydroxypropoxy ( lifaaqa VII F, Qaybta II, 2010 Edition of Pharmacopoeia) ayaa la go'aamiyay.Haddii habka labaad (qaabka mugga) la isticmaalo, qaado alaabta qiyaastii 0.1g, miisaan si sax ah, go'aami sida sharciga qabo, oo hel.

Pharmacology iyo toxicology
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose waa qayb ka mid ah methyl cellulose iyo qayb ka mid ah ether hydroxypropyl ah, waxaa lagu kala diri karaa biyo qabow si ay u sameeyaan xal viscous ah, hantida iyo ilmada ee walxaha viscoelastic (inta badan mucin) u dhow, sidaas darteed, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida macmal ah. ilmo.Habka ficilku waa in polymer-ku uu u hoggaansamo dusha sare ee isha iyada oo loo marayo xayeysiis, isaga oo la jaanqaadaya ficilka mucinka conjunctival, taas oo hagaajinaysa xaaladda dhimista xuubka indhaha iyo kordhinta muddada ilaalinta isha ee xaaladda dhimista ilmada.Xayeysiintu waxay ka madax bannaan tahay duleelka xalka sidaas darteed waxay u oggolaaneysaa saameyn qoynta waarta xitaa xalalka viscosity hoose.Intaa waxaa dheer, qoynta corneal waa la kordhiyaa iyada oo la dhimayo xagasha xidhiidhka ee dusha sare ee lafaha lafaha.

farmashiyaha
Ma jiro xog farmashiye ah oo loo soo sheegay isticmaalka jirka ee alaabtan.

tilmaamo
Ku qoyso indhaha dheecaan ilmo oo aan ku filnayn oo meesha ka saar raaxo la'aanta indhaha.

Isticmaalka
Dadka waaweyn iyo carruurtaba way isticmaali karaan.1-2 dhibcood, saddex jeer maalintii;Ama sida uu dhakhtarku u qoray.
Falcelinta xun wax ka beddel hadalka
Xaalado naadir ah waxay keeni kartaa raaxo la'aan indhaha sida xanuunka indhaha, aragga oo xumaada, ciriiri joogto ah ama isha cuncun.Haddii calaamadaha kor ku xusan ay cad yihiin ama joogto yihiin, jooji isticmaalka daawada oo aad isbitaalka si loo baaro.
tabuu

Waa mamnuuc dadka xasaasiyadda u leh alaabtan.

Arrimaha fiiro gaar ah u baahan
1. Ha taaban madaxa dhalada dhibicda ilaa daboolka iyo meelaha kale si aad uga hortagto faddaraynta
2. Fadlan alaabta ka ilaali meel aanay carruurtu gaadhi karin
3. Hal bil ka dib furitaanka dhalada, kuma haboona in la sii wado isticmaalka.
4. Daawooyinka haweenka uurka leh iyo kuwa nuujinaya: wax warbixin ah oo ku saabsan dhaawaca taranka ama dhibaatooyinka kale ee ay sababtay HYDROXYpropyl cellulose ee jirka bini'aadamka lama helin;Wax falcelin xun laguma soo sheegin dhallaanka xilliga nuujinta.Sidaa darteed, ma jiraan wax ka-hortag gaar ah oo loogu talagalay haweenka uurka leh iyo kuwa nuujinaya.
5. Daawooyinka carruurta: marka la barbar dhigo kooxaha da'da kale, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ee carruurta ma keeno falcelin xun oo dheeraad ah.Sidaa darteed, carruurta iyo dadka waaweyni waxay u isticmaali karaan alaabtan si waafaqsan qorshe isku mid ah.
6, daawada loogu talagalay dadka da'da ah: isticmaalka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ee bukaanada waayeelka ah, marka la barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee da'da, ma keenaan waxyeelo kala duwan ama dhibaatooyin kale.Sidaa awgeed, daawaynta bukaanka da'da weyni ma laha iska hor imaad gaar ah.
7, kaydinta: kaydinta hawada aan lahayn.

Waxqabadka badbaadada
Khatar caafimaad
Alaabtani waa mid badbaado leh oo aan sun ahayn, waxa loo isticmaali karaa cunto lagu daro, kulayl ma laha, ma laha xanaaq maqaarka iyo taabashada xuubabka.Guud ahaan waxaa loo arkaa ammaan (FDA1985).Qaadashada maalinlaha ah ee la oggol yahay waa 25mg/kg (FAO/WHO 1985).Qalabka ilaalinta waa in la gashado inta lagu jiro hawlgalka.

Saamaynta deegaanka
Ka fogow wasakhowga hawada ee ay keento boodhka duulaya.
Khataraha jidhka iyo kiimikaad: ka fogow xidhiidhka ilaha dabka, iskana ilaali in aad ku samaysato boodh badan meel xidhan si looga hortago khataraha qarxa.
Bakhaarka alaabta la soo raray
U fiirso ilaalinta qorraxda ee roobka iyo qoyaanka, iska ilaali qorraxdu si toos ah, oo lagu xiray meel qallalan.
Muddada amniga
S24/25: Ka fogow taabashada maqaarka iyo indhaha.
Ka fogow taabashada maqaarka iyo indhaha.