Qabad-qabadku waa qaab-dhismeedka qalfoofka iyo aasaaska aasaasiga ah ee qaababka is qurxinta ee kala duwan, waxayna muhiim u yihiin muuqaalka, guryaha rheologity, xasilloonida, iyo dareenka maqaarka ee alaabada. Xullo sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo oo aad wakiil u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo dhumucyo ah, u diyaari xalka aqueous ah ee uruurin kala duwan, tijaabiyaan falanqaynta jireed iyo phsparency, iyo dareemayaasha maqaarka oo badan inta lagu jiro iyo ka dib isticmaalka iyo kadib. Tijaabooyinka dareenka ah waxaa lagu fuliyay tilmaamayaasha, suugaanta ayaa loo raadinayay in la soo koobo oo lagu soo koobo noocyo kala duwan oo dhumucyo ah, kaas oo bixin kara tixraac gaar ah oo loogu talagalay naqshada qaaciddada qurxinta.
1. Sharraxaadda dhumucda
Waxaa jira waxyaabo badan oo loo isticmaali karo sida dhumucdu. Marka laga eego aragtida miisaanka molika ee qaraabada, waxaa jira dhumucyo yar-yar oo molosoolal iyo dhumucyo badan oo molos ah; Marka laga eego aragtida kooxaha waxqabadka, waxaa jira korontoyaal, aalkolo, nabad gelyo, aashitada carbboxylic iyo esters, iwm. Sug. Qoorta waa la kala saaraa iyada oo loo eegayo habka kala-saaridda alaabada ceyriinka ee qurxinta.
1. Miisaan culus oo Mool hoose ah
1.1.1 cusbada inorganic
Nidaamka adeegsiga cusbada Inorganic maadaama dhumucdu guud ahaan tahay nidaam xasaasi ah oo aquactus. Qulqulka cusbada ee ugu badan ee loo adeegsado ee 'Enorganic' waa soodhiyam chloride, oo leh saameyn qaro weyn oo muuqata. Surfactydu waxay u sameeyaan microls xalka aqueous, jiritaanka elektrolytes waxay kordhisaa tirada ururada microles, taasoo horseedaysa isbedelka miclleles-ka-qaabeynta u eg, oo ay ku kordhiso qaboojinta nidaamka. Si kastaba ha noqotee, markii elektaroonigga ahi uu xad dhaaf yahay, waxay saameyn ku yeelan doontaa qaab-dhismeedka micllarka, yareynta isu-haynta dhaqdhaqaaqa, oo yareyn kara qaboojinta nidaamka, kaas oo ah waxa loogu yeero "salaanta". Sidaa darteed, xaddiga elektroloyte ee lagu daray guud ahaan 1% -2% iyada oo loo yaqaan, oo ay la shaqeyso noocyada kale ee dhumucduhu inay nidaamka ka dhigaan mid deggan.
1.1.2 Khamriyo dufan leh, acid dufanka leh
Aalkolo dufan leh iyo aashitada dufanku waa walxaha dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah. Qoraallada qaarkood u arka inay yihiin kuwa wax damacaya ee aan ahayn sababtoo ah waxay leeyihiin labada koox oo lipophophic ah iyo kooxo biyo-daad ah. Jiritaanka qaddar yar oo ka mid ah walxaha dabiiciga ah ee noocaan ah ayaa saameyn weyn ku leh xiisadda dusha sare, omc iyo astaamaha kale ee salka, iyo cabirka saamaynta, guud ahaan xiriir toosan. Mabda'a ficilku waa in aalkolada dufanka leh iyo aalkolada dufanka leh ay galin karaan (ku biiri karaan) micllatles surwales si kor loogu qaado sameynta microles. Saamaynta haynta hydrogen ee u dhexeeya madaxyada wararka) waxay ka dhigeysaa labada molecules-ka si dhaw loo habeeyey dusha sare, kuwaas oo si weyn u beddelaya astaamaha micro-ka-wejiga daboolka iyo waxay gaaraan saameynta dhumucda.
2. Kala soocida dhumucda
2.1 Subsits-ka aan ion-ionc
2.1.1 cusbada inorganic
Sodium chloride, chuloride chloride, chlorium chloride, monoethenolamine, dietholamine chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium sulliya, fodiodium phosphate-ka foddrogen-ka iyo sodium-ka-sodium tropolidphoshoxphate, iwm .;
2.1.2 Khamriyo doqon oo dufan leh iyo aashito dufan leh
If aalkolo, aalkolo C122-15 aalkolo, aalkolo, aalkolo, aashitada, aashitada, aashitada, aashitada, ee aashitada, ka-qabashada aashitada, iwm .; ecc
2.1.3 alkanolamides
Coco Dietholamide, Coco Monoetholamide, Coco Monoistolamide, Cocanoonl-Linethoyl Dietarnolamide, Lauleyl-Myristoyl Dietarnolamide, Lanoonom Dietholamide, Caretholamide, Carethetholamide, Saliid Dietholamide, Palm Monoethenamide, COSTOR MONOETETANOLOLID, SESETAN DIETETANOLOLID, Stearyl MOetheraminde, Stearlylyolamide, StearylyLetaminde, SteartylyLanamide, StearylyManolamide, Steeramide, Talk Monoethenolamide, Jeermiska Gaariga Dambiyeedka Diethenolamide, PEETANOLOLAMIde (polyethylen glycol) -3 Lauramide, Peg-4 On Oleamide, Peg-50 tivemide, iwm.;
2.1.4 Ehellada
Cetll polonoxyyyyyyyllene (3) Ether, Isocetyl Ponooloxylethylen (10) ISIETLOSYOXYYYYYLETELELELENE (10) Ettanleyll Poloyoxylethylene (10), 185, 237, 407), iwm .;
2.1.5 Esters
Peg-80 Glyceryl tilf Ester, PEC-8PPRG (Polpropy (polypropyl glycol) -3 dig-n hydrotax, peg-n (n, 150, 150), peg-n glyceat olitete / cocote, peg-8 'deid-200 gelcoryl steate, peg-n (peg-n joucoba', pental-120 pentareeytritol steaate, peg-55 Propylene Glycol Oliate, PEG-160 Triistaterate, PEG-N (n = 80, 70) steacymyer (pogyl / smdiy / smdiyt / smdi copolymer, peg- 90. Peg-8PLGG-3 Daloof, Cetly Palmistate, C186 Etharacethritol Steate, Bentareeythritol Steate, Beneythritol, Beneythyfeedka, Glyylryl Ester, Glycyrsth Ester, Glycyryl Ester, Glycyryl Ester, Glyceryl Trihydroxydroxy-ka, iwm .;
2.1.6 oxilada amine
Myristyl amine oxide, aminopropyl amine oxide,-ka-qumbaha aminopropyl amine oxide, soyberopropyl Amine oxide, peg-3 Lauryl Amine oxide, iwm .;
2.2 Subphotic Surfactorts
Cetyl btaine, Coco Aminosulfobetaine, iwm.;
2.3 Surwackidets Anionic
Potassium oliete, potassium-ka, iwm .;
2.4 POYMERS POLYBER
2.4.1 cellose
Cill-ka, xanjada unugyada, gaariga sanduuqylylyl hydroxylyl, cetlyl hydroxyyl cellyl, byroxykyl, byroxykyl, byroxykyl, byroxykyl, byluxytyl bylulose, by cellulose cellyl, cellboxyl, cellboxyl, celsoxmethyl-ka, iwm.;
2.4.2 polyoxyyethylene
Peg-n (n = 5m, 9m, 23m, 45m, 90m, 160m), iwm .;
2.4.3 polyacrylic acid
Acrylates / c10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolyer, acrylates / cetell etryymer, scrylly protymy (25) acritlyl rethemy-ka (25) acrantllate retro retymyl, 20) otrylety rethoxyl (20) itoonate Copoymyr, acrylates / otrycane ethacrylate (20) methecacrylate copolymyr, acrylate / ocrylate potryymer, polrylate / vinyl acrylate / vinyl acrylate / vinyl acrycano), polyacrylic acid) iyo polyacrylic acid) iyo cusbo sodium ah, iwm.;
2.4.4 caag dabiici ah iyo badeecadeeda wax laga beddelay
Alonic acid iyo (amooniyam, kaalshiyam, potassium) cusbo, xanjo jilicsan, xanjeed, xidium, xanjo, xanjo, xanjeed, xanjeed, iwm .;
2.4.5 polynic polymers iyo alaabooyinkooda wax laga beddelay
Aluminium Aluminium Silicate, Silium, Sodium Magnesium Silicaium, Sodium Litmorillonum -90 Montmorillonium -18 Amtmorillon -18 Montmorillon, ammonium -18 hektar, iwm .;
2.4.6 kuwa kale
PVM / Matadiene oo istaagay polymer polymer ah
2.5 Surfacladaha
2.5.1 Alkanolamides
Tan ugu badan ee loo adeegsado waa qumbaha diethonamide. Alkanolamides-ka waxay la jaan qaadayaan elektrolytes-ka si loo yareeyo oo ay siiyaan natiijooyinka ugu fiican. Habka qaroga ee alkanolamides waa is-dhexgalka micro anionic surwaalt si loo sameeyo dareeraha aan ahayn 'Newtonian'. Kala duwanaanshaha alkanolamides oo kala duwan ayaa leh kala duwanaansho weyn oo ku saabsan waxqabadka, saameyntoodana sidoo kale waa kala duwan yihiin markii keligood la isticmaalo ama isku darka. Maqaallada qaarkood ayaa soo sheegeysa guryaha qarosiinta iyo xumaanaya ee alkanolamides kala duwan. Dhawaan, waxaa la soo sheegay in alkanolamides ay leeyihiin halis suuragal ah oo soo saara xaraashka xaraashka difaaca jirka marka loo sameeyo waxyaabaha la isku qurxiyo. Dadka nijaasta ah ee alkanolamides waa wax lagu daro, kuwaas oo ah ilo suurtagal ah oo ah nitrosamines. Waqti xaadirkan ma jiro ra'yi rasmi ah oo ka timaada warshadaha daryeelka caafimaadka shaqsiyeed ee ku saabsan bal in lagu mamnuuco alkanolamides ee la isku qurxiyo.
2.5.2 Ehelka
Samaynta dufanka leh ee dufanka leh ee polonoxyyetylne ether sulfate (AES) maadaama maaddada ugu weyn ee firfircoon, guud ahaan kaliya cusbada inorganic waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu hagaajiyo viscosity ku habboon. Daraasaduhu waxay muujiyeen in tani ay sabab u tahay joogitaanka khamriga dufanka badan ee aan la taaban karin ee aan la taaban karin ee athes-ka ah ee AES, kaas oo si aad ah ugu soo biiriya dhumucda xalka qalabka. Daraasad qoto dheer oo cilmi baaris ah ayaa lagu ogaaday in: Celcelis ahaan heerka heerka ay tahay ehexylation-ka ay tahay 3eo ama 10eo si ay u ciyaaraan doorka ugu fiican. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, saameynta qaro weyn ee dufanka leh aalkolada aalkolada leh Markii qaybinta hopeololobololobolouloloku ay ballaaran tahay, saamaynta qarosiinta sheyga waa mid liita, iyo cidhiidhiga ah qaybinta is-hoosaadka is-hooska ah, saameynta badan ee ballaarinta ayaa la heli karaa.
2.5.3 Esters
Qalowga ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo waa edro. Dhawaan, Peg-8PPGG-3 Diisostate, Peg-90 Diistatate iyo Peg-8PPG-3 Daloobate-3 ayaa lagu soo sheegay dibedda. Noocan oo kale ah ee culayska ah ayaa iska leh dhumuc yar oo aan inic lahayn, oo inta badan loo isticmaalo nidaamka xalka aquactuque aquactus. Xooggan yaraadaan ma si fudud uga baxaan oo ay leeyihiin viscosity deganaan badan oo ka badan oo ka badan oo ah FAR iyo heerkul. Waqtigan xaadirka ah sida ugu badan ee loo adeegsado waa PEG-150 oo kala jabay. Esters-ka loo isticmaalo sida dhumucduhu guud ahaan waxay leeyihiin miisaan weyn oo molikal ah, sidaa darteed waxay leeyihiin qaar ka mid ah guryaha xeryaha polymer. Habka qarka u weyn ayaa loo sababeeyaa samaynta shabakad saddex-geesood ah oo ka mid ah wejiga biyaha ku jirta, sidaasna ay ku daraan micnelles surples-ka. Xirmooyinkaas oo kale ah ayaa u dhaqma sidii shaqaale iyo kayndhixiyeyaasha marka lagu daro isticmaalkooda sida dhumucdu u badan yihiin waxyaabaha la isku qurxiyo.
2.5.4 oxilada amine
Amine Oxide waa nooc ka mid ah dusha sare ee polar aan lahayn, oo lagu gartaa: xalka aqueous, sababtuna tahay farqiga u dhexeeya qiimaha malahan xalka, waxay sidoo kale muujin kartaa guryaha ionic ee adag. Xaaladaha dhexdhexaad ama alkaline, taasi waa, marka PH ay ka weyn tahay ama le'eg tahay 7, Amine Oxide wuxuu u jiraa biyo la'aan aan lahayn xalka aqueous, oo muujinaya non-ioncity xalka. Xalka aashitada, waxay muujineysaa casiimo daciif ah. Marka PH xalka uu ka yar yahay 3, casiis Oxide ah si gaar ah ayuu u muuqdaa, sidaa darteed waxay si fiican ugu shaqaysan kartaa casiiska, anionic, surfaca surfacals-ka ee xaalado kaladuwan. Is waafajin wanaagsan oo muuji saameyn isku-darka ah. Amine Oxide waa dhumuc weyn oo wax ku ool ah. Marka PH ay tahay 6.4-7.5, alkylmiskyl Amine oxide wuxuu ka dhigi karaa pices-ka xarunta inuu sameeyo vistcosity-ka ugu sarreeya illaa 34pa.s-18pa.s-49pa.
2.5.5 kuwa kale
Dhowr been abuur ah oo sabool ah ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa sidii dhumucdu. Habka qadkarkooda qaro weyn ayaa la mid ah tiirarka kale ee yar yar, dhammaantoodna waxay ku guuleystaan saamaynta qarosiinta iyagoo la macaamilaya miclelles-ka sare. Saabsoodi ayaa loo isticmaali karaa qaro weyn oo isku qurxida ah, iyo shabeenta waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa nidaamyada biyaha dusha sare.
2.6 Boymer-ka-biyo-ku-milma
Nidaamyada ay yareynayaan dhumucooyin badan oo polystric ah oo aaney saameyn ku yeelan xalka xalka ama uruurinta elektaroonigga ah. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, dhumucduhu waxay u baahan yihiin qadar yar si loo gaaro viscosity loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, badeecaddu waxay u baahan tahay cufan oo kacsan sida qumbaha saliida qumbaha ee dithololamide oo leh jajab ballaaran oo ah 3.0%. Si loo gaaro saameyn isku mid ah, fiber ah 0.5% poly polymer cad ayaa ku filan. Inta badan xeryahooda polymer-ka biyaha oo keliya looma isticmaalo oo keliya sida dhumucdu ku jiraan warshadaha is qurxinta, laakiin sidoo kale loo adeegsaday sidii wakiillo laga joojiyo, kala-duwanaanshaha iyo wakiillada xajiska ah.
2.6.1 cellulose
Cellulose waa dhumuc weyn oo wax ku ool ah oo ku saleysan nidaamyada biyaha ku saleysan waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalaa qaybo kala duwan oo isku qurxitaan ah. Cellulose waa arin dabiici ah oo dabiici ah, oo ay kujiraan unugyada glucoside ee soo noqnoqda, oo unug kasta oo Glucoside ah waxaa ku jira 3 hydroxyl kooxo badan oo la abuuri karo. Qulqulka unugyada unugyada unugyada unugyada-bararka ee bararka-bararka silsiladaha dheer, iyo nidaamka unugyada unugyada-unugyada ayaa muujinaya muuqaal muuqda ee pseudoplastic-ka ah. Qiyaasta guud ee tirada guud ee isticmaalka waa qiyaastii 1%.
2.6.2 polyacrylic acid
Waxaa jira laba habab qaro oo polyacrylic ah oo culus oo polyacrylic ah, oo ah kuwa ugu yareeya dhumuc iyo debaaji haraadiga hydrogen. Dhex-la'aan iyo dhumucdu waa in laga takhaluso aashitada polyacrylic acid-ka aashitada si ay u yaraato moleecules-ka oo ay ka soo saarto khidmad xun oo ku saabsan silsiladaha ugu weyn ee polymer. Cayrinta u dhaxaysa isku jinsiyada isku jinsiga ah ayaa kor u qaadaya moleekulada inay toosiyaan oo ay u furnaadaan inay sameeyaan shabakad. Qaab dhismeedka ayaa gaaraya saameynta qarosiinta; hydrogen bonding thickening is that the polyacrylic acid thickener is first combined with water to form a hydration molecule, and then combined with a hydroxyl donor with a mass fraction of 10%-20% (such as having 5 or more ethoxy groups) Non-ionic surfactants) combined to untangle the curly molecules in the aqueous system to form a network structure to achieve a thickening effect. Qiyaasta kala duwan ee PH, kala-goysyada kaladuwan ee kaladuwan iyo jiritaanka cusbada militariga ayaa saameyn weyn ku leh jawiga qaboojinta nidaamka qarosiinta ee nidaamka dhumucda. Marka qiimaha pH uu ka yar yahay 5, balshadu waxay ku kordhisaa kororka qiimaha pH; Marka qiimaha pH uu yahay 5-10, mowqifka ayaa ah mid aan is beddelin; Laakiin sida qiimaha pH uu sii kordhayo, hufnaanta qarosiinta ayaa mar kale hoos u dhigi doonta. Riilashooyinka oo keliya ayaa yareynaya waxtarka qarosiinta ee nidaamka, halka ay hoos u dhacaan, ionsion ama ionsi aan khafiifin karin nidaamka, laakiin sidoo kale soosaarida kuwa wax quusinta ah ayaa saadaalin kara marka ay nuxurka ku filan yahay.
2.6.3 caag dabiici ah iyo badeecadeeda wax laga beddelay
Cirridka dabiiciga ah waxaa ku jira collagen iyo polsaccharides, laakiin ciridka dabiiciga ah ee loo isticmaalo sidii dhumucduhu badanaa waa polsaccharides. Habka qarka u adag waa in la sameeyo qaab-dhismeedka shabakadda ee saddex-geesood ah iyada oo loo marayo dhex-dhexaadin saddex ka mid ah kooxaha hydroxyl ee cutubka polsaccharide, si loo gaaro saameynta dhumucda. Qaababka rheological ee xalka aqueolous waa cabitaanno aan reer Neworniniin ahayn, laakiin guryaha rheololojiyada ee qaar ka mid ah xalka midowga ah ayaa u dhow dareeraha cusub ee 'Newtonian'. Saamaynta qaro weyn ayaa guud ahaan laxiriira qiimaha PH, heerkulka, feejignaanta iyo xabista kale ee nidaamka. Tani waa dhumuc weyn oo aad u wax ku ool ah, oo qiyaasta guudna waa 0.1% -1.0%.
2.6.4 polymariska inortanic iyo badeecadooda wax laga beddelay
Polyer Polymer Polyder Poobyter guud ahaan waxay leeyihiin qaab seddex-lakab ah oo lakab ah ama qaab dhismeedka la ballaariyey. Labada nooc ee ugu waxtarka badan ee ugu waxtarka badan waa Montmorillonite iyo Hectorite. Habka qarka u adag ayaa ah in marka polygicer-ka gudaha lagu kala firdhiyo biyaha, ion-ka birta ah ee ay ka soo baxdo hafer, iyada oo ay soo baxaan, taas oo keentay in la dhiso anionic godka loo yaqaan 'inular lamellar'. iyo ion ion-ka birta ka joojinta shirista daahsoon. Xaaladdan oo kale, lamellae waxay leeyihiin lacag dusha sare ah oo lacag yar oo lacag ah oo wanaagsan oo ku saabsan geesaha ay u dhintaan jajabka khafiifka ah. Xallo jilicsan, eedeymaha xun ee dusha sare ee dusha sare ayaa ka weyn eedeymaha togan ee geesaha, oo ay walxahaas midba midka kale iska cafiyo, sidaa darteed ma jiri doono saameyn adag. Iyada oo lagu daro iyo feejignaanta elektaroonigga ah, uruurinta ionsha ee xalka iyo kor u qaadista sadaqada sare ee Lamellae ayaa yaraanaya. Waqtigaan, isbedelka is-dhexgalka ugu weyn ee ka imanaya xoogga lameerta ee u dhexeeya xoogga soo jiidashada leh ee ka dhex jira geeska lambarada, oo la mid ah qaabdhismeedka "is-waafajinta si loo gaaro saameynta dhumucda. Kordhinta kororka
Waqtiga Post: Feb-14-2025